Process and apparatus for making central triple reflectors



July 6 1926.

4 1,591,572 J. C. STIMSON PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR MAKING CENTRAL TRIPLE REFLECTORS .Filed Feb. 5, 1925 v 2 Sheets-Sheet 1 .w n H i i awm e July e 192s; 1,591,572 J. c. STIMSON PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR MAKING CENTRAL TRIPLE REFLECTORS Filed Feb. -5. 1925 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 m iaa Jb/mrm/r C 5 7/750.

I Patented July 6, 1.926.

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'- raocass um arraaurusjroa mums, cnurm rmu naruc'rona I "Application-filed am", 5, ms. sem I0. 1,1134.

This invention relates to molding and more particularly toprocess and apparatus -for making central triple reflectors.

*Proven physical conceptions often have practical uses of great commercial importance, but have fallen short of full commer-. 'cial utilization because of the prohibitive cost of, quantity reproduction, although actual 0 erability may have been realized, or

partia ly methods. I

In the art of producing reflectors thisis particularly true. The conceptions are ased upon exact laws and reduction to practice can be carried to marvelous degrees of accuracy through painstaking care where the necessary expense is justified as, for instance, in the production of optical. instruments'. Occasionally there occurs a conception of a reflector which, while it has cer tain limited application in'instruments built with precision, appears to have uses of much greater commercial importance if production were possible in very large quantit p guch a conception is the reflector system designated a triple reflector, which consists of three plane mirrors intersecting at a [common point; and more especially the central reflector which is a triple reflector wlfose reflecting surfaces are all three at right angles to each other and whose true form is the three sidesof a cube. This reflector has the property of reflecting light impinging from ex erior sources and varyin'g inclinations. from surface .to surface about the axis or center of the reflector and back to, or closely adjacent to the source, in

lines parallel to the original rays.

reflector in various forms .of signa-llinghas long been known, but its actual use has not been widespread; a fact easily"understood-' when it is realized that the central reflector is much more difficult to produce with the same comparative degree ofaccuracy than many of the reflector systems used generally in the production of scientific. optical 1ncessively reflected bythe other two surfaces.

In addition, and perhaps more important,

realized by expensive production The theoretical commercial importance of this struments.v This is apparent when it is the central reflector, if produced in its theoretical form would not have the value thought to be attached to it for the more im ortant forms of signalling work, but in or er to have that value the reflector system must be definitely modified. This modified central reflector, whose surfaces and angles are so formed'as to result in a cone of reflected light having the reflector as the apex, is the sub'ect of another application for patent Serial Number 650,402, filed July 9, 1923, and is referred to here only to make clear that the present invention is for a reflector, process and apparatus pertaining to the modified central reflector which is referred to herein and in other applications for patent as central triple reflector. f Another form of triple reflector is one in which the interior trihedral solid angle formed by the three surfaces is filled up with some transparent material, such as glass. This type of reflector is referred to as a solid central triple reflector.

v In making a plane surface for use as a reflector it is obvious that machining, grind- I ing and polishing or some equivalent process must be-employed. To make a solid central triple reflector this process must be repeated for each of the three surfaces, which must all be surfaced in accurate angular re lation. It is commercially impracticable to so treat each of' the surfaces; this is especiallytrue where the reflector comprises a' series of. central triple reflecting units arranged in mutual relation to form the re One of the objects of this invention, there-fore, is to provide a process whereby the reflecting surfaces are formed by a matrix. v

The use of a matrix, however, requires careful surfacing so that the surfaces of the reflectors can be formed accurately thereby. But the surfaces of the matrix of a. solid central triple reflector form an interior trihc'dral angle. Such an interior an 1e cannot be accurately or readily forme as the usual most accurate and cheapest methods for surfacing plane surfaces apply only to surfaces which are not in such relation as to form interior solid angles with adjacent surfaces. a j

Another object of this invention, therefore, is to providea method of producing Q I Leeann matrices for solid central triple reflectors the surfaces of which may be accurately and readily formed.

T 0 make them more practical, commercially, it is desirable to produce reflectors which comprise close contiguous grouping of a series of small triple reflecting units into an integral plate. The same necessity for a method for originally producing and malntaining each one of the multiplicity of surfaces with accurate plane and polish, obtains as with the production of single units, the problem becomin more involved because of the complexity 0 surfaces in such a multiple unit reflector. To produce and maintain a matrix for solid multiple unit reflector plates from a block of material, the surfaces taking the form of pits in the matrix, is ver expensive if not impossible. Also to sur ace and polish a matrix for reproducing multi le unit reflectors of hollow type from a lock of material is almost as difficult.

Another object of this invention, therefore, is to provide a method of and apparatus for forming multiple unit central triple reflectors on matrices that are formed with proper accuracy by usual surfacing methods without the complications 1 arising from forming the same surfaces in solid assembly.

In accordance with one of the features of this invention, matrices are formed by means of cooperable elements arranged in mutual engagement.

Another object of this inventionis to provide a matrix with the smallest possible number of elements.

Further objectswill appear from the detailed description taken in connection with the accompanying drawin s, in which Figure 1 is a longitudinal vertical section of an apparatus embodying this invention;

Figure 2 is a face View showing the matrix; v

Figure 3 is a perspective of one of the ma trix forming elements of Figure 1;

Figure 4 is a perspective of three of the. elements of Fig. 3 grouped in assembled relation;

Figure 5 is a perspective of another for of matrix forming e ement;

Figure 6 is a perspective of three of the elements of Figure 5. in assembled relation;

Figure 7 is a face view of the figured face of a reflector produced by the apparatus of Fi res 1 and 2';

igure' 8 is a section on line 8-8, Figure 7; I V

Figure 9 is a perspective of still another form of reflector forming element;

Figure 10 is a perspective of three of the elements of Figure 9 grouped in assembled relation;

Figure 11 is a perspective ofthereflector produced by an assembly of elements of Fi ure 10; I

igure 12'is a view similar to- Figure 1 but showing another apparatus embodying this invention;

Figure13 is a face view showing the matrix;

.Figure 14 is a perspective of one of the reflector forming elements of the apparatus Fi re 12;

igure 15 is a perspective'of four of the elements of'Figure 14 in assembled relation;

F1 ure 16 is apers ective showing two assemb ed elements 0 another embodiment, which may be used in the apparatus of Figures 12 and: 13.

Figure 17 is a sectional view of a matrix and hollow type multiple unit central triple reflector.

Referring first to Figures 7 and 8 which are views of a pressed glass multiple unit reflector as more fully described and claimed in application Serial Number 92,024, filed March 3, 1926. It will be seen that this reflccting structure consists of a series of cube like formations which are not the diagonal corners of cubes, but exist in an integral plate. with each reflector unit consisting of the three full sides of a cube. This central triple reflector plate is produced by the apforming matrix, Figure 2, into which the glass ispressed. This element has a cross section which is a regular hexagon, corresponding in dimensions to the apertures of the unit reflectors to be formed, which, upon inspection of Figure 7 are seen to have hexagonal apertures. The element or hexagonal bar is made of convenient length and at one end is pointed by cutting three plane surfaces 20, 21 and 2,2 perpendicular to the planes passing through the three diagonals of the bar,- these three-cuts being made at an angle of substantially 35 degrees and 16 minutes to the axis of the bar. The three surfaces 20, 21 and 22 formed in this manner are-the three adjacent faces of a cube.

In, producing these elements cold drawn hexagonal steel rod, properly alloyed to resist heat, is sufliciently accurate for use. and

placed in assembled relation, with the cube surfaces 20, 21 and 22 of the grouped elements similarly oriented, the three adjacent the surfacing may be done with ordinary square, angularly cut surfaces.

' the plunger 26. The

manna surfaces "of the three adjacent elements forming the pocket or '-trihedral angle 23,

which upon inspection. will be seen to be.

' matrix of the reflector'to be formed, theonly portions of the elements exposed beingthe Since each element has three of these surfaces, it follows that each of these three surfaces becomes one of the surfaces of three adjacent depressions or matrices. Disre arding theouter edge of the reflector, it. ollows that there are the same number of mold elements reqgired as there are triple reflecting units to e formed, thus minimizing the number of elements required.

The apparatus, Figure 1, consists of three working parts; the mold 24, the ring 25 and plunger is gripped about the tapered collar by the yoke of a vertical slide of any'type of press machine commonly known in the art, and is moved vertically upward and downward to pass through a ring. The ring is in this case made of two parts comprising a flat steel plate 27 screwed to a casting 28. The mold 24 is usually a casting, in which is formed the depression, 29 which is the receptacle for the molten glass placed therein and formed b pressure uponthe plunger 26, working tii rough the ring 25. The depression 29 in the mold has a face 30 forming the smooth face of the reflector, and the outer wall of an upstanding glass collar on the reflector is formed by surface 31. The ring forms at 32 the top edge of the upstanding collar, while the inner wall of this collar is formed by the plunger edge which makes a glass tight fit with and passes down through the ring. The reflecting surfaces of the reflector are formed by the face or matrin of the plunger. For clearness in illustration the plunger is not shown in its fully lowered position, but

it is to be understood that in squeezing the glass into shape the plunger is further low-Y ered with pressure upon the glass.

The operation begins with the plunger drawn up out of the way, and with the ring in position in the mold. ,Molten glass of the desired massis placed in the receptacle 29 and the mold is pushed across the face of the press machine table until. it engages with stops which line the rlng up with the f plunger; The plunger isthen. lowered through the ring and the glass squeezed intov form. The pressure is maintained until the "er y regulating the comparative lines 39,

glass has set suiiiciently to retain multiin of these surfaces materiall By proptures of the plunger and mold, and by skillsurf ace shapewithout slumping or distorts temp'eraful handlingathe shrinkage of the glass in cooling can either the smooth or figured face. of'the reflector. This is important in. securing the most efficient: reflectors for varying purposes.

The plunger is next raised, the ,ring' removed from-the mold, and the mold turned over by means of-the pivoting lu 33 and handle 34 and the glass reflector drops out and is placed inthe annealing oven.

The lunger 26 varies fromhe making equipment in'that the forming face and body art ofrthe plunger usual glass consists of the assemb ed hexagonal Jelecentralized to a degree upon entire glass ments 3. A box like frame, 35 with a'i'emovable bottom '36 forms a container for the assembled elements, The part 35 is titted, to j the plunger shank 26, which is formed with four The elements 13 are assembled within the box 35, the'heavily outlined hexagons repre arts 37 into which the box 35 is placed an held by the cap screws of thecooperatingelements. The outer rows of hexagonal elements along the sidesof the box 35 are not surfaced with the three faces 20, 21, 22, but the elements of the bottom row (Figure 2) are given only one angularly .cut face and those of the top row two angularly cut faces. The elements of outerstaggered rows at the endsof the box are similarly angular y cut on only one or two faces. The four peripheral rows of ele= ments are then machined otl' perpendicular with respect to the plane of the mold face, or with a desired amount of taperalong the giving a plunger face which fits and slides. thrdugh the ring 25, this face en- I tirely composed of elements assembled in close engagement. The elements are held in position within the box by ,means ofthe screws 40 I (Figure 1), countersunk in the 'plate 36. Asthe angular faces of the ele-- ments form reflector producing molds or matrices which are adjacent to the elements themselves in that each matrix is surrounded by three elements,'it is seen by inspectionof Figure 2 that the outer marginal elements cooperate with adjacent elements to form the matrices of complete reflector unit's up to the edge of the reflector, which is in this case edged by an upstanding glass collar.

Actually some of the outside reflectors arenot complete, but have their apertures re duced somewhat by curved lines, formed on the elements as shownin Figure 2 by rounding oil the sharp corners of the outer elements to reduce what is known in the art as pressure cracking.

It is plain from the foregoing description that the a paratus according to Figures 1, 2, 3and 4 is workable and may be produced in its entirety with the usual machine tools. It is also plain that the reflector forming face when assembled is far su rior inaccuracy than could be secured y chiseling or cutting out thefi re by hand from a solid block of inateria Even though theoretically such a solid'matrix' could be pro= duced, the accuracy andpolish could not be maintained in production. In use the molds are subjected to high temperatures and oxidize, a scale forming on the surfaces which must be removed frequently. This is usually done by applying fine abrasives upon the surfaces by hand, and when repeated a few times the surfapes, in spite of great care,

come'warped and out of accurate angular relation. in accordance with this invention the-box 35 may be easily removed from the plunger shank 37, and the assembled elements removed bytaking out the screws 40. The elements may then be polished with ease and accuracy by lapping upon a flat lead lap or fine polishing stone. This process may be repeated 21 number of times before the surfacesbecome seriously distorted or ofl ai igle. Then the elements may be completely resurfaced, by machine, a similar amount being renioved from the surfaces of each element in order to keep them the same length. The process may be repeated many times without making the elements too short for use. V w

It is not necessary that the elements forming the matrix of the reflector, Figure 7, be hexagonal'bars, although this form results in the fewest possible number of parts which contain no surfaces forming interior angles. Instead the matrix may be formed by an assembly of lozenge shaped bars 5, Figure 5,

each of which has a cross section having 60 degree and 120 degree angles. This element is to be inserted in perpendicular position as 1s\element 3, and actually is the resolving of the element 3 into three component parts,

' each one of the parts being surfaced 01f to form one ofthe squares 21. This is illustrated in Figure 5 which shows one of the lozenge shaped elements in erspective with its square, angularly cut 'sur ace a plane perpendicular to the plane of the longest diagonal of the element, and with this-surface" lying at an angle of substantially 35 degrees 16 minutes to the axis of the element. Figure 6 shows three elements 5 grouped in assembled relation to form the equivalent of element 3. It follows that the entire matrix assembly with'these elements is similar to the hexagonal element assembly already described, with the difi'erence that there are aperture.

and surfaced with.\ one face as in Figure sembly.' positioned operating to form the glass forming face, but each element-has only one face 20.

In the reflector shown in Figure 11, the reflector units are the corners of a cube bounded by. the diagonals of the cube, thus having a triangular instead of hexa onal Itwill be noted that sac of these units is tetrahedral in that they may be conceived as removed from integral contact with the binder 41 and become a tetrahedron. Inspection of the figure shows that this reflector has solid trihedral exterior angles similar: to the solid trihedral exterior angles of the reflector, Figure 7, but that the interior solid angles 42, unlike reflector Figure 7, are dihedralangles. It follows that the matrix elements 3 will not assemble in mutual engagement to form the matrix of reflector, Figure 11. Elements, one of which is shown at 9 in Figure 9, may, however, be assembled to form such a matrix. 4

The element, Figure 9, is out from a ion- 1 enge shaped bar equivalent to the bar from which element 5 is cut and shaped, i. ein

iii

cross section having angles of 60 degrees and 120 degrees. But instead of being cut 9 two faces are cut on the end of this e ement.

These two faces, 43. and 44 are made inter- 9 secting along the longest diagonal of the element, each surface making an an is with i the axis of the element of substantially 35 degrees 16 minutes. By grouping three of these elements 9 in mutual engagement the pit or depression 45 is formed, which is the matrix for one of the units of the reflector, Figure 11.

The dihedral angle formed by surfaces 43 and 44 is the complement of the dihedral angle 42 in the reflector. By multiplication of the number of cooperable elements 9 assembled in mutual engagement it follows that a matrix bf Figure 11 may be formed, and with the adjustments necessary may be emplo ed to form glass pressing apparatus accor ing to Figures '1 and 2. It is to he noted that since the element 9 contains only two glass forming surfaces, a larger number umts, Revertin a ain to reflectors efsfthe type of Figure igures 12, 13, 14, 15 and 16 illustrate another type of equipment embodying this invention for the pressing of reflectors. 4

A square bar 14, Figure 14, with an accurately cut and'surfaced square and 46, perpendicular to'the axis 'of the bar, may be employed as the element of'the matrix as- Four 'such elements are mutually as shown in Figure 14 with the ends staggered one with the other a distance equal to the thickness of the bar elements.\

Twoldjacent sides 47 and 48 of the element I and the end 46 then become the matrix forming surfaces, adjacent sides and ends-of 'ad- 'jacent elements forming its or depressions 49, which, when the bar ements are assembled on a slant within a glass ressing apparatus produce the matrix of t e reflector.

Fi 12 and 13 illustrate such a' glass making a paratus. In this caseit is chosen that the red face of the reflector will be the pl 1'. Also that the reflector will be round with a he'xa enal reflecting aperture. A square hole 51 1s machined in the mold casting 50,with, the axis or. center line. of

this hole lying at an angle of substantially degrees and 16 minutes with the mold face. The dimensions of the sides of this hole are equal to seven times the thickness of the uare bar elements 14, so that 49 of the bars will just fill the hole when assembled therein. The elements 14 which are to form the glass reflecting faces, are made the proper length to reach up to the proper height in the mold casting to form the matrix. These bars are shown in section through their diagonal in Figure 12. All the s 'uare bars do not form reflecting surfaces. he ones that do not are indicated by the dotted diamonds 52 in Figure 13. The bars 52 are made longer than elements 14 and inserted simply as fill ii material in the hole. 51. After the assembly is completed the plate 53 is attached to- I the mold casting 50, and the circular depresthe reflector and is also a'chamber for the,

sion 54, which forms a part of the edge of ring '55 is machined from the casting and square bars 52 which are not glass forming elements. With the addition of the plunger 56 to fit the ring 54 the apparatusls com- 4 plete and is operated to produce reflectors in the same way that the apparatus, Figures 1 and 2, is employed.

While it is plain that the elements, Fig-v ure 14, are simpler to produce than the elements, Figure 3, elements 14 are not as ermanent as elements .3 in continued pro uction. After the surfaces 47 and 48 have been polished a few times they must be trued by surfacing, (grinding) .WlllCll reduces the size of the bar section and consequently the dimensions of the reflectors formed in the matrix. Such a reduction in size also introducescomplication in the fittingof the bars into. the hole 51. plications are ments 3. r

Figure 16 illustrates another form of element and assembly somewhat similar to Figwas 14 and 15, a series of elements 14 being integral so as to form plates, for convenience considered to have the same thickness as. the square bar element 14. These plates are givenaccurate saw toothed cuts forming interior and exterior dihedral angles of 90 one of these comencounter d with the 'ele-' degrees, andso spaced that the plates may be employed to. form the -mold assembly, Figure 13; the plates, all the same "length", being inserted parallel to two opposite faces of the square hole15; for in:

stance in this case arallel tQthB face c--c of the hole 51. In t is particular mold only .one of the plates, indicated by I b, Figure 13, would be given, the full number of right angled dihedral cuts, the other plates having portions extending'into the dotted areas 52 which are machined oil to form the body of the mold.

The plate elements of Figure ,16 may be accurately formed so far as machining oes, since the dihedral angles formed by sur' aces 57 and 58 may be cut throu h from one side of the plate to the. other.. or grinding can also be done with proper equipment, but hand lapping cannot be done with the same facility or nicety of finish possible with the elements of Figures 3, 5, 9, 14 which contain no interior angles. .For certain uses, however, a high polish on the elements of Figure 16 have the advantage of reducing theanumber of cooperable parts or elements employed.

Figure 17 illustrates a process for making reflectors of the hollow type from a matrix. The upperpart of Figure-.17 represents the matrix 65. This matrix may either be a pressed glass plate, such as shown in Figures 7 or 11, and formed by a matrix as previously described, or it may be initially formed of matrix elements 3, etc. In the latter case the matrix elements are constructed of any suitable material which will not readily electroplate when immersed in reflecting surfaces is not desirable, and the an electrolytic bath, or they may be coated with a medium to secure the same result. The reflector forming surfaces only of'thematrix arethen coated with a silver or other metallic reflecting film 61, and the whole immersed in an electrolytic bath, where copper 62 is deposited upon the film 61 to form a body for the silvered surfaces. When the copper is built up on the silver in suflicient amount (the copper not adhering to the unsilvered portions of the mould) the lamin'ated silver-copper plate 6162 is removed or broken loose irom thematrix andthe process repeated. In this manner a central triple reflector, and more especially a multiunit one, may be formed with the required accuracy. It is evident from the foregoing that the method embodying this invention is advantageous inproducing hollow cem tral triple reflectors.

- It will, therefore, be seen that the inven tion accom' lishes its objects. In accordance ith t 's invention, one or more mold or re actor-forming. surfaces is or are producedon each of a series of cooperable mold elements. These elements have locat ng faces while the mold or reflector form ng face or faces is or are formed in accurate relation with respect to the locatingfaces and more particularly withrespect to intersecting locating faces. In the articular embodiments the reflector or mol forming surfaces are at the ends of the elements while the locating facesare lateral thereof. The elements are assembled in mutual engagement to fix the reflector forming surfaces of cooperating elements in accurate relation n order to form together a matrix. A matnx is formed by the surfaces on adjacent elements surrounding the matrix, while the leeating faces of the elements are in mutual engagement at the bottom thereof. A series of matrices in contiguous relation areformed by thesurfaces on the coo crating mold elements. In Figures 5 an 6 each mold element has a sin is reflector or mold forming surface, while m-Figures 9 and 10' each element has two such surfaces. in Figures 3, t, 14 and 15 each element has three surfaces, while in Figure 16 a series of elements like 14' (Figure 14:) are formed into a single element. When the elements are assembled in mutual engagement, the locating surfaces thereon perform the function of accurately positionin the reflector or mold forming surfaces with respect to each other both angularly and depthwise. Since these surfaces are located accurately with respect to in tersecting locating faces,- they are accurately located with respect to both surfaces on adjacent elements in order to form the required trihedral angle. The reflector material is conformed to the matrix; accordingly surfaces on a reflector forming element conform to' the surfaces of adjacent reflecting units in that the reflector surfaces are formed by the element surfaces. The elements are arranged in mutual engagement to form trihedral angles which are congruent, in that their respective dihedral angles are equal, as is necessary to form central triple refleeting surfaces; moreover each element has surfaces which form together a congruent trihedral angle; accordingly the surfaces of three adjacent elements form together a conuent trihedral an 1e. The formed reactor of Figure 7, w ile being a reverse'or, a relief of the matrix, is really similar thereto, in that the form of the elements are the same as the reflector units and theirrespec- -'tive trihedral angles are really congruent.-

Accordingly the number of mold elements need not exceedthe number of reflector-units,

'which is advantageous from a manufacturing stand-point,

It is obvious that various changes may be made in details of construction without departin it is, t erefore, to e understood that this invention is not to be limited to the specifi details shown and described. 7

Having thus described the invention, what is claimed is 1. In the art of making central triple reflectors, the process comprising, producing a reflector-forming surface on each I of a series oficooperable mold elements and in accurate relation with respect to intersecting locating faces thereof, and assembling the elements in-mutual engagement to fix the reflector-forming surfaces of cooperating elements in accurate relation to form together a trihedral matrix, suhstantially as and for the purpose set forth.

2. In the art of making central tri le reflectors, the process comprising, producing a series of reflector-forming surfaces on each of a series of cooperable'mold elements and in accurate relation with respect to intersecting. locating faces thereof, and assemhling the elements in mutual engagement to fin the reflector forming surfaces of cooperating elements in accurate relation to form together a series of contiguous trihedral matrices,

suhstantially as and for the purpose set.

forth. I

3. in the art of melting central trirle reflectors, the process, comprising, prancing three reflector-forming surfaces on each of a series of cooperable mold elements and in I accurate relation with respect to intersecting on each of a series ofcooperable mold'elements and in accurate relation with respect to the locating faces thereof, and assembling the elements in mutual engagement to iii: the forming surfaces of cooperating elements to form together a series of contiguous matrices. v v

'5. A mold of the character described, comprising, a series of mold elements having locating faces arranged in mutual engagement,'each element having three forming surfaces in accurate relation with respect to the locating faces thereof, adapted tov form together a series of conti ous matrices, each of which'is formed by t e surfaces of three elements.

6. A mold of the character described, comprising,,a series of mold elements of hexagonal' cross-section having. locating faces arfrom the s irit of this invention;

Mill

lllli ranged in mutual engagement and having forming surfaces adapted to form together a series of contiguous matrices.

7 A mold of the character described, comrising, a series 'of mold elements having ocating faces arranged in mutual engagement, each element having a forming face in accurate relation with respect to the locating faces thereof and the forming surfaces of adjacent elements forming together a con gruent trihedral angle.

8. A mold of the character described, comprising, a series of mold elements having 10- cating faces arranged in mutual engages ment, each element having forming surfaces in accurate relation with respect to' the 10- cating facesthereof and the forming faces of each set of adjacent elements forming together a congruent trihedral angle.

9. A mold of the character described, comprising, a series of mold elements arranged III mutual engagement, each element having a surface, and the surfaces of three adjacent elements forming together a congruent trihedral angle.

10. A mold of the character described comprising, a series of mold elements arranged in mutual engagement, each elementhaving surfaces, and the surfaces of each three adjacent elements forming a congruent trihedralangle.

11. A mold of the character described comprising, a series of mold elements arranged in mutual engagement, each element having three surfaces, and the three adjacent, surfaces of three adjacent elements forming congruent trihedral angles.

12. A mold of the character described comprising, a series of mold elements arranged in mutual engagement, each element 4 having surfaces which form together a congruent trihedral angle, and the three adjacent surfaces of three adjacent elements forming congruent trihedral angles.

13. A mold of the character described comprising, a series of mold elements arranged in mutual engagement, each element be'ng hexagonal in cross section, each element having surfaces which form to ether a congruent trihedral angle, and the t ree ad- JONATHAN G. STIMSON. 

